Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio LogoMinisterior
 

Hidrógeno electrolítico

Resultados 453 resultados
LastUpdate Última actualización 23/01/2026 [06:58:00]
pdfxls
Publicaciones de solicitudes de patente de los últimos 60 días/Applications published in the last 60 days
previousPage Resultados 25 a 50 de 453 nextPage  

SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTROLYSIS OF SALTWATER

NºPublicación:  WO2026013303A1 15/01/2026
Solicitante: 
THE UNIV COURT OF THE UNIV OF ABERDEEN [GB]
THE UNIVERSITY COURT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
WO_2026013303_PA

Resumen de: WO2026013303A1

The invention provides a system and process for facilitating the direct electrolysis of saltwater, such as seawater. The system comprises an acid-base flow battery comprising an acid solution outlet, an alkaline solution outlet and a saltwater inlet; and a water electrolyser downstream of the acid-base flow battery for producing hydrogen, comprising a negative electrode and a positive electrode.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR HARNESSING THERMAL GRADIENT ENERGY

NºPublicación:  US20260018642A1 15/01/2026
Solicitante: 
NANA RAHUL S [US]
FERIA RAFAEL A [US]
Nana Rahul S,
Feria Rafael A
US_20260018642_PA

Resumen de: US20260018642A1

A method and system of generating electrical power or hydrogen from thermal energy is disclosed. The method includes adding heat to (or removing heat from) a salinity gradient generator configured to generate a more concentrated and a less concentrated saline solution. The method further includes drawing the more concentrated saline solution and the less concentrated saline solution from the salinity gradient generator and feeding the more concentrated saline solution and the less concentrated saline solution into a power generator. Feeding the saline solutions into the power generator causes the power generator to receive the saline solutions and generate power by performing a controlled mixing of the more concentrated saline solution and the less concentrated saline solution. The method further includes drawing, from the power generator, a combined saline solution comprising the mixed saline solutions and feeding the combined saline solution to the salinity gradient generator.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING PRESSURIZED HYDROGEN FROM A SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYSER CONNECTED TO AN ELECTROCHEMICAL HYDROGEN COMPRESSOR

NºPublicación:  WO2026013331A1 15/01/2026
Solicitante: 
TEKNOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS VTT OY [FI]
TEKNOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS VTT OY
WO_2026013331_PA

Resumen de: WO2026013331A1

The invention relates to a system and method for producing pressurized hydrogen from a solid oxide electrolyser connected to an electrochemical hydrogen compressor The system comprises a solid oxide electrolyser (SOEC) (1), which is configured to generate hydrogen; an electrochemical hydrogen compressor (EHC) (2), which is configured to pressurize said hydrogen generated by said SOEC; and a first recovery circuit, which is configured to recover water exiting the cathode (2c) of the EHC (2) by providing a return path through the EHC (2) to the cathode (1C) of the SOEC (1) for consumption. An optional second recovery circuit is configured to recover heat from at least one output flow (4, 5) of the SOEC (1) to a heat exchanger (15), which is configured to heat said return path (4, 18) at the cathode (1C) of said solid oxide electrolyser (1).

UTILIZING THE OXYGEN FROM WATER ELECTROLYSIS IN A PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESS (POX)

NºPublicación:  WO2026013106A1 15/01/2026
Solicitante: 
BASF SE [DE]
BASF SE
WO_2026013106_A1

Resumen de: WO2026013106A1

A process for producing a synthesis gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide and optionally carbon dioxide by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons or a mixture comprising hydrocarbons comprising: Reacting the hydrocarbons or the mixture comprising hydrocarbons with an oxygen-comprising reactant gas, wherein the oxygen in said oxygen-comprising reactant gas comprises at least 1 ppmv of H2 based on the total volume of the oxygen-comprising reactant gas; a synthesis gas mixture obtainable or obtained by the inventive process; a synthesis gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide and optionally carbon dioxide, wherein the synthesis gas has a δ18O value of < 22 ‰, referred to the international standard VSMOW; and use of an oxygen-comprising reactant gas comprising at least 1 ppmv of H2 based on the total volume of the oxygen-comprising reactant gas for the preparation of a synthesis gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide and optionally carbon dioxide by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons or a mixture comprising hydrocarbons. The present invention further relates to a partial oxidation reactor (POX reactor) comprising a connection for supplying an oxygen-comprising reactant gas comprising at least 1 ppmv of H2 based on the total volume of the oxygen-comprising reactant gas; and a system comprising a partial oxidation reactor (POX reactor) and a water electrolyzer connected by a gas pipe.

GAS PRODUCTION DEVICE AND METHOD

NºPublicación:  US20260015229A1 15/01/2026
Solicitante: 
ARIEL SCIENT INNOVATIONS LTD [IL]
ARIEL SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS LTD
US_20260015229_PA

Resumen de: US20260015229A1

A system including a gas production device including (a) a solid containing compartment configured to contain a solid, (b) at least one fluid channel with an inlet and an outlet comprising an opening along at least a portion of its length, the opening facing the solid, (c) a solution compartment configured to contain a solution, the solution compartment: (1) being in fluid communication with the fluid channel inlet and outlet, (2) located along a fluid pathway in between the fluid channel outlet and inlet, and (3) at least one hydrogen gas outlet, (d) a fluid flow driver in fluid communication with the fluid pathway, and (e) a fluid flow rate regulator connected to the fluid flow driver. Disclosed is also a method for producing a gas (e.g., hydrogen).

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY

NºPublicación:  US20260018632A1 15/01/2026
Solicitante: 
EMISSION FREE GENERATORS INC [US]
EMISSION FREE GENERATORS, INC
US_20260018632_PA

Resumen de: US20260018632A1

A power generation system includes a housing, a lid defining an opening in the housing, and a chamber inside the housing configured to receive a cartridge comprising a powdered fuel mixture. The system also includes a fluid reservoir that stores a fluid configured to react with the powdered fuel mixture to produce hydrogen gas. A processor is configured to control ingress of the fluid from the fluid reservoir to the powdered fuel mixture in the cartridge and control egress of the gas from the cartridge to the gas storage compartment. The system also includes a generator configured to generate electricity from the gas in the gas storage compartment.

CATALYTIC POM PARTICLES

NºPublicación:  US20260015744A1 15/01/2026
Solicitante: 
KESSLER VADIM [SE]
SEISENBAEVA GULAIM [SE]
KESSLER Vadim,
SEISENBAEVA Gulaim
US_20260015744_PA

Resumen de: US20260015744A1

POM particles are suitable as photocatalytic or electrocatalytic catalyst in the production of hydrogen and a method of producing such POM particles. The POM particles are produced by subjecting a heteropoly acid with the chemical formula HzXY12O40, or a hydrate thereof, to acidic conditions in the presence of a polyvalent cation, wherein z=3 or 4, X is selected from the group consisting of P, Si, Ge, As, Sb and V, and Y is selected from the group consisting of W, Mo and V.

電気化学リアクタおよび電気化学リアクタを作動させる方法

NºPublicación:  JP2026501340A 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
フラウンホーファー-ゲゼルシャフトツァーフェルデルングデアアンゲヴァンテンフォーシャングアインゲトラーゲナーフェアアイン
JP_2026501340_PA

Resumen de: CN120418995A

The invention relates to an electrochemical reactor (1), in particular a redox flow cell, a fuel cell, an electrolytic cell or an electrosynthesis cell, comprising a stack (Z) consisting of a plurality of cells (2) which are separated from each other by at least one bipolar plate (3) and are stacked in a stacking direction (R), wherein the cells (2) each have two electrodes (5, 6) and a separator (10) arranged between the two electrodes (5, 6), and wherein the at least one bipolar plate (3) is flexible. In order to be able to increase mass transfer and material distribution with low construction and equipment investment and low material load, an oscillator (13) which excites at least one bipolar plate (3) to generate oscillations is integrated in the bipolar plate (3).

流体の処理プラント

NºPublicación:  JP2026004589A 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
三菱重工業株式会社
JP_2026004589_PA

Resumen de: JP2024092034A

To improve thermal efficiency of a treatment plant for raw material fluid.SOLUTION: A treatment plant for raw material fluid comprises a raw material reaction facility 40 for generating reaction gas RG by reacting raw material fluid NH. The raw material reaction facility 40 comprises preheaters 44a and 44b and a reactor 45. The preheaters 44a and 44b are heat exchangers for heating the raw material fluid NH by exchanging heat between a second heat medium and the raw material fluid. The reactor 45 is a heat exchanger for heating and reacting the raw material fluid NH by exchanging heat between a first heat medium different from the second heat medium and the raw material fluid NH heated by the preheaters 44a and 44b.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

System and process for improving the electrolysis of saltwater

NºPublicación:  GB2642534A 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
THE UNIV COURT OF THE UNIV OF ABERDEEN [GB]
The University Court of the University of Aberdeen
GB_2642534_PA

Resumen de: GB2642534A

A system and process for facilitating the direct electrolysis of saltwater, such as seawater, is described. The system comprises an acid-base flow battery (ABFB) 230 with an acid solution outlet 403, an alkaline solution outlet 402 and a saltwater inlet 401; and a water electrolyser 340 downstream of the ABFB for producing hydrogen 408, the electrolyser comprising a negative electrode and a positive electrode. The ABFB is in fluid communication with the water electrolyser, such that, in use, an alkaline solution from the alkaline solution outlet of the acid-base flow battery passes into a positive electrode channel of the water electrolyser proximal the positive electrode. By coupling a water electrolyser with an upstream acid-base flow battery in this way, the base solution by-product from the ABFB is fed into the positive (anode) channel of the electrolyser. In this way, the pH proximal the positive electrode is increased. As a result, saltwater is subjected to electrolysis without the evolution of chlorine or bromine at the positive electrode. The brine by-product of the process may be subjected to freshwater-saltwater reverse electrodialysis (RED) to convert dilution energy to usable electricity.

Catalyst-coated polymer electrolyte membranes and methods for their manufacture

NºPublicación:  GB2642535A 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
JOHNSON MATTHEY HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES LTD [GB]
Johnson Matthey Hydrogen Technologies Limited
GB_2642535_PA

Resumen de: GB2642535A

A method for the manufacture of catalyst-coated polymer electrolyte membranes (CCMs) for water electrolysis is described. The CCMs may comprise a proton exchange membrane (PEM) or an anion exchange membrane (AEM) with an anode layer and/or a cathode catalyst layer applied to a face of the membrane. The method comprises the steps of forming a polymer electrolyte membrane on a first catalyst layer 2 comprising a platinum-containing catalyst on a carbon support material 1 and a catalyst layer ion-conducting polymer. The catalytic layer 2 may comprise a hydrogen evolution catalyst (HER) and/or an oxygen evolution catalyst (OER). The first catalyst layer 2 has an expected effective platinum surface area in the range of and including 5-200 cm2Pt/cm2 and a carbon content in the range of and including 30-60 wt%.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN

NºPublicación:  EP4677140A1 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
HELANDER HOLDING OY [FI]
Helander Holding Oy
CN_121039322_PA

Resumen de: WO2024184586A1

The invention relates to a method for producing hydrogen. The method comprises providing water and a gaseous substance, the gaseous substance comprises hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms, producing a mixture comprising the water and bubbles comprising the gaseous substance, decreasing diameter of the bubbles comprising the gaseous substance, and producing gaseous hydrogen by decomposing the gaseous substance in the bubbles having the decreased diameter. The invention further relates to apparatus for producing hydrogen gas.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A COMPOUND AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A COMPOUND

NºPublicación:  EP4677141A1 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
HELANDER HOLDING OY [FI]
Helander Holding Oy
CN_121079452_PA

Resumen de: WO2024184587A1

The invention relates to a method for producing a compound comprising at least one of hydrogen or oxygen. The method comprises providing water and a first substance, producing a mixture comprising the water and bubbles comprising the first substance, decreasing diameter of bubbles comprising the first substance, decomposing a part of the water, and composing a compound at least from the decomposed water and the first substance, and the compound comprising at least one of hydrogen or oxygen. The invention further relates to apparatus for producing a compound comprising at least one of hydrogen or oxygen.

THERMOCHEMICAL REACTIONS USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

NºPublicación:  EP4676875A1 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
ENHANCEDGEO HOLDINGS LLC [US]
EnhancedGEO Holdings, LLC
TW_202436207_A

Resumen de: TW202436207A

A first aspect is directed to a method for producing hydrogen by thermochemical splitting of water includes injecting one or more feed streams of water into a reaction chamber. The method further includes using heat from a subterranean heat source to carry out the thermochemical splitting of water to form hydrogen and oxygen in the reaction chamber. The formed products are subsequently removed from the reaction chamber. A second aspect is directed to a reaction system includes a wellbore extending from a surface into a subterranean heat source. The reaction system further includes a reaction chamber configured to be maintained at a reaction temperature using heat from the subterranean heat source. The reaction system further includes one or more inlet conduits. The inlet conduits are configured to provide one or more feed streams to the reaction chamber. The reaction system also includes outlet conduits configured to allow flow of one or more product streams.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL STACK

NºPublicación:  EP4677142A1 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
SCHAEFFLER TECHNOLOGIES AG [DE]
Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG
KR_20250154491_PA

Resumen de: CN120659909A

An electrochemical cell stack (1) comprising a plurality of cells (2) separated from one another by bipolar plates (5, 5 '), where each cell (2) is formed by two half-cells (3, 4) between which a membrane (6) surrounded by a support frame (7) is arranged, and where a porous transport layer (10, 11) is present in each half-cell (3, 4). The support frame (7) describes a step shape having two adjacent cross-sectional areas (12, 13), in which the edge (18) of the membrane (6) lies in a step (17) formed by the cross-sectional areas (12, 13) and the porous transport layer (10) of the half-cell (3) extends into the step (17), and in which the porous transport layer (10) of the half-cell (3) extends into the step (17). According to the invention, the support frame (7) comprises at least one sealing arrangement (15) injection molded onto the support frame (7) and comprising an electrically insulating sealing material, according to the invention, the sealing arrangement (15) comprises three sealing regions (19, 20, 21), each having at least one sealing lip (22, 22 '), in particular a first sealing region (19) and a second sealing region (20) and a third sealing region (21), which are assigned to narrower regions of the two cross-sectional regions (12, 13) facing the membrane (6), the first sealing region and the second sealing region each contact exactly one bipolar plate (5, 5 '), and the third sealing region is located on a side of the support frame (7) facing away from the step (17)

A method for shelf-life maximization of cells in an assembled electrolyser cell stack and an electrolyser cell stack.

NºPublicación:  DK202430371A1 14/01/2026
Solicitante: 
THYSSENKRUPP NUCERA AG & CO KGAA [DE]
thyssenkrupp nucera AG & Co. KGaA
WO_2026003300_PA

Resumen de: DK202430371A1

Initially an assembled electrolyser cell stack comprising at least alternatingly, Electrodes and bipolar plate assemblies and Diaphragms is provided. Stack internal process and flow volumes, namely catholyte flow volume and process chambers and anolyte flow volume and process chambers adjacent to and on each side of every diaphragm are simultaneously partially or completely flooded through each of stack internal catholyte manifold and stack internal anolyte manifold with a liquid alkaline conservation medium and O2 side electrolyte inlet connection, H2 side electrolyte inlet connection, anolyte and oxygen gas exit connection and catholyte and hydrogen gas exit connection are each sealed off adjacent to an electrolyser endplate after partially or completely flooding the mentioned stack internal volumes with the fluid conservation medium.

过氧化氢发生装置及其应用

NºPublicación:  CN121320993A 13/01/2026
Solicitante: 
无锡美芝电器有限公司
CN_121320993_PA

Resumen de: CN119491243A

The invention relates to the technical field of household appliances, and provides a hydrogen peroxide generating device and application thereof. The hydrogen peroxide generating device comprises a shell, a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet, the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet are formed in the shell, the liquid inlet is used for being connected with a water supply component, a cathode piece and an anode piece which are used for electrolyzing water to generate a hydrogen peroxide solution are arranged in the shell, and the liquid outlet is used for discharging the generated hydrogen peroxide solution. According to the hydrogen peroxide generating device provided by the invention, water entering the shell through the liquid inlet can be electrolyzed to generate the hydrogen peroxide solution, and the generated hydrogen peroxide solution is discharged through the liquid outlet; the hydrogen peroxide generating device can be applied to household appliances such as clothes washing equipment, clothes processing equipment, an air conditioner, a dehumidifier, a refrigerator and a dish washing machine, can play a good role in cleaning, odor removal, disinfection, sterilization and the like, reduces the use of detergent, and improves the use experience of a user.

一种用于降低碱性制氢装置启动时间的极板及其组装工艺

NºPublicación:  CN121321084A 13/01/2026
Solicitante: 
新乡海卓能源科技有限公司
CN_121321084_PA

Resumen de: CN116377465A

The invention is applicable to the related technical field of hydrogen production, and provides a polar plate for reducing the starting time of an alkaline hydrogen production device and an assembly process thereof.The main polar plate comprises a metal ring, two partition plates which are symmetrically arranged are fixedly connected to the inner wall of the metal ring, holes are evenly distributed in the metal ring, a cavity is formed between the holes and the two partition plates, the partition plates are 0.6 mm steel plates, and the metal ring is made of stainless steel. The distance between the two partition plates is 0.8 mm. A cavity is formed in the metal ring under the action of the partition plates, when the alkaline hydrogen production device is started, water at the constant temperature of 85 DEG C is injected into a new drainage basin 2 hours ahead of time by a technician, circulation is conducted to heat the electrolytic bath till the electrolytic bath is heated to 65 DEG C, at the moment, the alkaline hydrogen production device is started, circulation of the water at the constant temperature of 85 DEG C is stopped, and therefore the alkaline hydrogen production device is started. And the temperature of the alkaline hydrogen production electrolytic cell is increased from 65 DEG C to 85 DEG C. The time is 2 hours; the starting time of the alkaline hydrogen production device is shortened to 2 hours, and the energy consumption of the alkaline hydrogen production devi

用于碱性水电解的隔板

NºPublicación:  CN121336005A 13/01/2026
Solicitante: 
爱克发-格法特公司
CN_121336005_PA

Resumen de: AU2024407460A1

A catalyst coated separator for alkaline water electrolysis (1) comprising a porous support (100) and on at least side of the support, in order: - an optional porous polymer layer (200), - a non-porous alkali-stable polymer layer (300), and - a catalyst layer (400).

System and method for producing pressurized hydrogen from a solid oxide electrolyser connected to an electrochemical hydrogen compressor

NºPublicación:  FI20245884A1 13/01/2026
Solicitante: 
TEKNOLOGIAN TUTKIMUSKESKUS VTT OY [FI]
Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy
FI_20245884_PA

Resumen de: FI20245884A1

The invention relates to a system and method for producing pressurized hydrogen from a solid oxide electrolyser connected to an electrochemical hydrogen compressor. The system comprises a solid oxide electrolyser (SOEC) (1), which is configured to generate hydrogen; an electrochemical hydrogen compressor (EHC) (2), which is configured to pressurize said hydrogen generated by said SOEC; and a first recovery circuit, which is configured to recover water exiting the cathode (2c) of the EHC (2) by providing a return path through the EHC (2) to the cathode (1C) of the SOEC (1) for consumption. An optional second recovery circuit is configured to recover heat from at least one output flow (4, 5) of the SOEC (1) to a heat exchanger (15), which is configured to heat said return path (4,18) at the cathode (1C) of said solid oxide electrolyser (1).

用于产生氢气和/或氧气的方法和系统

NºPublicación:  CN121311629A 09/01/2026
Solicitante: 
林德有限责任公司
CN_121311629_PA

Resumen de: AU2024305642A1

The invention relates to a method (100) for producing hydrogen and/or oxygen by means of electrolysis, in which an electrolysis unit (10) is supplied with a direct current (2) which is provided from an alternating current (1) using a rectifier (20), wherein the electrolysis unit (10) is supplied with water using a water circuit (110). The rectifier (20) is cooled using a cooling water which is provided using a sub-flow (5) of water being conducted in the water circuit (110) and/or water supplied to the water circuit. The invention likewise relates to a corresponding system.

METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DIHYDROGEN USING OXIDIZED NANODIAMONDS AS PHOTOCATALYSTS

NºPublicación:  US20260008033A1 08/01/2026
Solicitante: 
COMMISSARIAT A LENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES [FR]
CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENT [FR]
UNIV DE STRASBOURG [FR]
COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES,
CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE,
UNIVERSITE DE STRASBOURG
US_20260008033_PA

Resumen de: US20260008033A1

A method for producing dihydrogen by photodissociation of water, may include bringing an aqueous solution in contact with oxidized nanodiamonds under solar, natural, or artificial illumination (or light). The oxidized nanodiamonds may have an oxygen/carbon ratio of at least 5% atomic, determined by XPS without previous treatment of the oxidized nanodiamonds. The method may further include preparing the oxidized nanodiamonds by subjecting nanodiamonds to an oxidizing treatment. The oxidizing treatment may include annealing at a temperature of 500° C.±50° C. for a duration in a range of from 1 to 5 hours under an oxygenated atmosphere.

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING POROUS MATERIALS

NºPublicación:  US20260008042A1 08/01/2026
Solicitante: 
AMOGY INC [US]
Amogy Inc
US_20260008042_PA

Resumen de: US20260008042A1

The present disclosure is directed to a processing solution composition comprising a metal salt, an acid, a solvent, and a non-metal reductant. The present disclosure is also directed to a method of impregnating a porous material by covering or coating the porous material with a processing solution comprising a metal salt, an acid, a solvent, and a non-metal reductant.

POROUS ELECTROLYZER GAS DIFFUSION LAYER AND METHOD OF MAKING THEREOF

NºPublicación:  US20260008100A1 08/01/2026
Solicitante: 
OHMIUM INT INC [US]
Ohmium International, Inc
US_20260008100_PA

Resumen de: US20260008100A1

A porous titanium sheet configured to function as an anode side gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is formed by a powder technique, such as tape casting or powder metallurgy.

A CATALYST FOR GENERATING HYDROGEN AND METHOD OF ITS PRODUCTION

Nº publicación: US20260008043A1 08/01/2026

Solicitante:

ELECTRIQ GLOBAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS LTD [IL]
Electriq-Global Energy Solutions Ltd

US_20260008043_A1

Resumen de: US20260008043A1

The present disclosure provides a catalyst, its preparation and uses thereof, the catalyst comprising a conductive substrate coated by at least two layers including a proximal layer and a distal layer wherein said proximal layer comprises a proximal metal composition and said distal layer comprise a distal metal composition, the proximal metal composition being different from the distal metal composition; wherein said proximal metal composition comprises a metallic M and said distal metal composition comprise a combination of two or more different metal complexes, each having a formula MxLy, wherein M, which may be the same or different in said two or more metal complexes, represents a metal atom; L, which may be the same or different in said two or more metal complexes, represents a moiety comprising at least one atom selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O), phosphorous (P), boron (B) and nitrogen (N); x represents any value between (1) and (6); and y represents any value between (1) and (6); and wherein said metal atom of metallic M and said metal atom in MxLy may be the same or different metal atom.

traducir