Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio LogoMinisterior
 

Alerta

Resultados 970 resultados
LastUpdate Última actualización 05/10/2026 [09:39:00]
pdfxls
Publicaciones de solicitudes de patente de los últimos 60 días/Applications published in the last 60 days
previousPage Resultados 300 a 325 de 970 nextPage  

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL ASSEMBLY

NºPublicación:  EP4802565A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
BOSCH GMBH ROBERT [DE]
CERES POWER LTD [GB]
Robert Bosch GmbH
Ceres Power Limited
WO_2025093133_PA

Resumen de: WO2025093133A1

The invention relates to an electrochemical cell assembly, comprising a stack of cell units, wherein each cell unit has a periphery and a central portion surrounded by the periphery, the periphery has a first flange portion (90-1) and an opposite second flange portion (90-2), the flange portions of adjacent cell units overlie one another and are separated by a gap (88-1, 88-2), wherein between two adjacent cell units, there is provided a fluid flow path comprising an inner flow path between the central portions of adjacent cell units and an outer flow through said gaps, and a flow restriction device (112) comprising at least one flow restriction member (114-1, 114-2), said flow restriction device being configured to reduce or prevent fluid flow along the outer flow path.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL ASSEMBLY

NºPublicación:  EP4802569A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
BOSCH GMBH ROBERT [DE]
CERES POWER LTD [GB]
Robert Bosch GmbH
Ceres Power Limited
WO_2025093132_PA

Resumen de: WO2025093132A1

The invention relates to an electrochemical cell assembly (10), comprising a base plate, an end plate (26), a stack (12) comprising a plurality of cell units (14) stacked upon one another, said stack (12) being arranged between said base plate and said end plate, and an electrically conductive power transmission device (38) comprising a connector (40) that is located on a side of the end plate that is facing away from the stack, the power transmission device spanning the end plate and being electrically connected to the stack, wherein the power transmission device is attached to the end plate by a fastening device (42) at a portion of the power transmission device that is located between an electrical connection to the stack and the connector.

ALKALINE ELECTROLYSER AND A METHOD FOR ITS OPERATION

NºPublicación:  EP4802115A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
STIESDAHL HYDROGEN AS [DK]
Stiesdahl Hydrogen A/S
WO_2025093091_PA

Resumen de: WO2025093091A1

An alkaline electrolyzer comprising a stack (17) of electrolytic cells (1) for producing hydrogen gas (8). Each of the cathode compartments (5) comprises a cathode gas outlet (23A) into a cathode electrolyte return conduit (28), the downstream end (41) of which is connected to a hydrogen purifier (33) configured for providing purified hydrogen gas by removing oxygen from the gas received from the cathode electrolyte return conduit (28). A cathode gas recirculation system (38) connects a downstream end of the hydrogen purifier (32, 33) to an upstream end (40) of the cathode electrolyte return conduit (28) for supplying purified hydrogen gas to the cathode electrolyte return conduit (28). Each of the anode compartments (6) comprises an anode gas outlet (23B) into an anode electrolyte return conduit (28), the downstream end (41) of which is connected to an oxygen purifier (33) which removes hydrogen from the gas coming from the anode electrolyte return conduit (28). An anode gas recirculation system (38) connects a downstream end (41) of the oxygen purifier (33) to an upstream end (40) of the anode electrolyte return conduit (28) for supplying purified oxygen gas to the anode electrolyte return conduit (28). Hereby the electrolyzer can be operated at part load, for example below 10% of the nominal load.

AIR ELECTRODE FOR SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZER, AND USE THEREOF

NºPublicación:  EP4803669A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
NITERRA CO LTD [JP]
Niterra Co., Ltd.
EP_4803669_PA

Resumen de: EP4803669A1

0001 Provided is a technique capable of suppressing occurrence of cracking in an air electrode and separation at the interface between the air electrode and a solid electrolyte layer during use of a solid oxide electrolysis cell. The air electrode of the solid oxide electrolysis cell is an air electrode containing a complex oxide having a perovskite structure and contains P at 1 ppm or greater and 500 ppm or less, Cr at 1 ppm or greater and 500 ppm or less, B at 1 ppm or greater and 500 ppm or less, and Si at 1 ppm or greater and 500 ppm or less with respect to the entire mass of the complex oxide.

ELECTROLYZER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND ELECTROLYZER MODULE

NºPublicación:  EP4803667A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
ENVISION ENERGY TECH PTE LTD [SG]
Envision Energy Technology Pte Ltd.
EP_4803667_A1

Resumen de: EP4803667A1

An electrolyzer, a method for manufacturing the electrolyzer, and an electrolyzer module are provided, relating to the field of electrolyzers. The electrolyzer includes: a frame defining an inner cavity and including a top frame, a bottom frame, a first frame, and a second frame; a bipolar plate connected to the frame and dividing the inner cavity into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber; a first collection frame, located within the anode chamber and fixed to an end of the bipolar plate near the top frame, and defining a first cavity together with the bipolar plate; an anode mesh, located on a side of the first collection frame away from the bipolar plate; a second collection frame, located within the cathode chamber and fixed to an end of the bipolar plate near the top frame, and defining a second cavity together with the bipolar plate; a cathode mesh, located on a side of the second collection frame away from the bipolar plate. The first frame and the second frame each have a hollow chamber. One of the first frame and the second frame has a first discharge port formed on an inner wall facing the anode chamber, and the other of the first frame and the second frame has a second discharge port formed on an inner wall facing the cathode chamber, the first discharge port being in communication with the first cavity, and the second discharge port being in communication with the second cavity. This is at least advantageous in improving electrolysis efficiency of the electrolyze

GEOTHERMALLY DRIVEN AMMONIA PRODUCTION

NºPublicación:  EP4801846A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
ENHANCED GEO HOLDINGS LLC [US]
ENHANCED GEO HOLDINGS, LLC
US_20250136457_PA

Resumen de: US20250136457A1

0000 Apparatus, system, and method for geothermally driven ammonia production. Hydrogen is generated using energy obtained from the underground magma reservoir and nitrogen is captured from air using the energy obtained from the underground magma reservoir. At least a portion of the generated hydrogen is combined with at least a portion of the generated nitrogen and heated at least to a reaction temperature using the energy obtained from the underground magma reservoir. The heated hydrogen contacts the heated nitrogen for a residence time to form the ammonia.

ELECTRODE CATALYST LAYER, INK, MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY, WATER ELECTROLYSIS DEVICE, AND ORGANIC HYDRIDE ELECTROLYTIC SYNTHESIS DEVICE

NºPublicación:  EP4803670A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
TOPPAN HOLDINGS INC [JP]
Toppan Holdings Inc.
EP_4803670_PA

Resumen de: EP4803670A1

0001 An electrode catalyst layer comprises a catalyst, a proton-conductive or anion-conductive polymer electrolyte, and a polymeric fibrous material having a functional group capable of forming a hydrogen bond.

ルテニウム含有担持触媒を用いて水素を製造するための方法

NºPublicación:  JP2026530654A 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
ヘレウスプレシャスメタルズゲーエムベーハーウントカンパニカーゲー
JP_2026530654_A

Resumen de: WO2025056228A1

The present invention relates to a process for producing hydrogen from an ammonia-containing gas with a supported catalyst in the form of a ruthenium-endowed support body, and to the use of such a ruthenium-containing supported catalyst in a process for producing hydrogen. The process comprises the providing of a supported catalyst in the form of a ruthenium-endowed support body, wherein the support body comprises a refractory oxide as support material, is cylindrical and has at least three mutually spaced-apart channels that extend fully through the support body, where one of the channels extends along a central longitudinal axis.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC ELECTROLYTE SUBSTITUTION AND RELATED METHOD OF AUTOMATIC ELECTROLYTE SUBSTITUTION

NºPublicación:  EP4803666A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
HYBITAT S R L [IT]
Hybitat S.r.l.
EP_4803666_A1

Resumen de: EP4803666A1

The present invention relates to a hydrogen production system (1). The system (1) comprises an electrolyser (10), equipped with an internal tank (101), adapted to produce hydrogen from the electrolysis of water, and a water distribution pipe (62) adapted to connect the internal tank (101) of the electrolyser (10) to a water source (50).Advantageously, the system also comprises an electrolyte tank (20) adapted to contain a quantity of electrolyte equal to or greater than the quantity of electrolyte contained by the internal tank (101) of the electrolyser (10), and a waste tank (30) adapted to contain a quantity of fluid greater than the quantity of electrolyte contained by the internal tank (101) of the electrolyser (10). Furthermore, the system comprises an electrolyte distribution pipe (63) adapted to connect the internal tank (101) of the electrolyser (10) to the electrolyte tank (20), a drain pipe (64) adapted to connect the internal tank (101) of the electrolyser (10) to the waste tank (30), and a water control valve (71) adapted to regulate the flow of fluid in the water distribution pipe (62), an electrolyte control valve (72) adapted to regulate the flow of fluid in the electrolyte distribution pipe (63), and a control valve (73) adapted to regulate the flow of fluid in the drain pipe (64). Finally, the system comprises a control unit (40) connected to the electrolyser (10) and the valves (71-73) to control its operation. In particular, the electrolyser (10) measures a

HYDROGEN-DRIVEN DEVICE FOR GENERATING HEAT AND CORRESPONDING METHOD

NºPublicación:  EP4803822A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
SYMBIONIK GMBH [DE]
Symbionik GmbH
EP_4803822_A1

Resumen de: EP4803822A1

0001 Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Wärmeerzeugung sowie ein dazugehöriges Verfahren und ein Computerprogramm, wobei durch eine Einlassöffnung ein Wasserstoff (H<2>)-Gasgemisch in mindestens einen Reaktionsraum geleitet wird, wobei der Reaktionsraum in Verbindung mit einem Impulszünder steht, welcher eine Initialzündung des Gasgemisches im Reaktionsraumes erzeugt, der dabei entstehende Wasserdampf wird über mindestens eine Auslassöffnung aus dem Reaktionsraum in ein Dampfrohr geführt, in dem der Wasserdampf kondensiert, wobei das Dampfrohr derart ausgebildet ist, dass es eine Kurve bildet und parallel zum Reaktionsraum zurückgeführt wird, wodurch das darin gebildete Wasser zur Aufrechterhaltung der Reaktion im Reaktionsraum und/oder zur Wiederverwendung in einem Elektrolyseprozess verwendet werden kann.

ELECTROLYSIS STACK CONFIGURATION HAVING INTERNAL STRAY CURRENT INHIBITION

NºPublicación:  EP4803660A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
SIEMENS ENERGY GLOBAL GMBH & CO KG [DE]
Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG
EP_4803660_PA

Resumen de: EP4803660A1

A gas inlet conduit (58) is constructed and arranged to feed a gas (42) into an active area (50) of an electrolysis cell (12) within a stack (14) in sufficient quantity to function as an electrical insulator and reduce an electric current at an entry (52) of the active area (50) and thereby more closely balance the current at the entry (52) of the active area (50) with the current at an exit (54) of the active area (50). Also, an electrolysis-separated stack configuration (10) is provided having a plurality of electrolytic cells (12) forming an electrolysis stack (14), a hydrogen-side pump (20) in fluid communication with a hydrogen-side phase separator (22) in fluid communication with a hydrogen-side heat exchanger (24) in fluid communication with a hydrogen-side recycle blower (26); where the electrolysis stack (14) is shared with an oxygen-side pump (30) in fluid communication with an oxygen-side phase separator (32) in fluid communication with an oxygen-side heat exchanger (34) in fluid communication with the oxygen-side recycle blower (36); wherein hydrogen (42) is generated.

ELECTROLYSIS STACK CONFIGURATION HAVING INTERNAL STRAY CURRENT INHIBITION

NºPublicación:  EP4803659A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
SIEMENS ENERGY GLOBAL GMBH & CO KG [DE]
Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG
EP_4803659_PA

Resumen de: EP4803659A1

0001 A gas conduit (58) is constructed and arranged to feed a gas (42) into an active area (50) of an electrolysis cell (12) within a stack (14) in sufficient quantity to function as an electrical insulator and reduce an electric current at an entry (52) of the active area (50) and thereby more closely balance the current at the entry (52) of the active area (50) with the current at an exit (54) of the active area (50). Also, an electrolysis-mixed stack configuration (10) is provided having a plurality of electrolytic cells (12) forming an electrolysis stack (14), a pump (20) in fluid communication with a hydrogen-side phase separator (22) in fluid communication with a heat exchanger (24) in fluid communication with a hydrogen-side recycle blower (26); where the electrolysis stack (14) is shared with an oxygen-side (16) having a pump (20) in fluid communication with an oxygen-side phase separator (32) in fluid communication with the heat exchanger (24) in fluid communication with the oxygen-side recycle blower (36); wherein hydrogen (42) is generated.

ADVANCED RECTIFIER CONTROLS FOR IMPROVED FAULT RIDE THROUGH IN ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEMS

NºPublicación:  EP4804378A1 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
SIEMENS ENERGY GLOBAL GMBH & CO KG [DE]
Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG
EP_4804378_PA

Resumen de: EP4804378A1

0001 The invention is about a method for controlling an electrolysis system (1) comprising a transformer unit (2), rectifier units (3) operating in parallel, and electrolysis module rows (4) with hydrogen and oxygen sides (5, 6) connected at DC sides (7) of the rectifier units (3), the method comprising: - detecting a Fault Ride Through event; and - adjusting the ramp-up rate of a DC current considering a current position of control valves (8) on the hydrogen and oxygen sides (5, 6).

水電解装置

NºPublicación:  JP2026144223A 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
三菱重工業株式会社
JP_2026144223_A

Resumen de: JP2026144223A

【課題】電解時間が経過しても電解性能の劣化を防ぐ。【解決手段】本開示に係る水電解装置は、アルカリ水溶液である電解液が供給される水電解セルと、電解液が貯留される酸素ガス用気液分離装置と、酸素ガス用気液分離装置と水電解セルの正極側とを接続し、酸素ガス用気液分離装置から水電解セルの正極側に向けて電解液が流れる配管である電解液供給ラインと、を有し、電解液供給ラインは、酸素ガス用気液分離装置との接続箇所から水電解セルの正極側との接続箇所までの少なくとも一部の区間において、耐アルカリ性を有する耐アルカリ層が内面に形成されている。【選択図】図2

水電解槽用複合隔膜

NºPublicación:  JP2026530588A 09/09/2026
Solicitante: 
東レ株式会社
JP_2026530588_A

Resumen de: WO2025040149A1

Disclosed in the present invention is a composite membrane for a water electrolysis cell. The composite membrane contains non-woven fabric and polymer resin, the polymer resin being present in one or two sides of the non-woven fabric and partially or completely permeating into the non-woven fabric structure, the non-woven fabric accounting for 20-95% of the weight of the composite membrane, the thickness of the non-woven fabric being 0.20-2.00 mm, the gram weight thereof being 100-400 g/m2, and the density thereof being 0.20-0.50 g/cm3. The composite membrane for a water electrolysis cell of the present invention has the characteristics of high air impermeability, low resistance and high service durability in alkali liquor environments.

一种改进的以二氧化碳电解操作固体氧化物电解池的方法

NºPublicación:  CN122707145A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
托普索公司
CN_122707145_PA

Resumen de: CA3201278A1

The present invention regards a method for converting carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide in high-temperature, dry, solid oxide electrolysis providing increased lifetime of SOECs and SOEC stacks by addressing the problem of coking, while simultaneously ensuring highest possible CO production from each cell or stack.

一种木屑碳量子点修饰CdS/ZnO的三元复合光催化剂的制备方法

NºPublicación:  CN122702456A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
福建理工大学闽江大学
CN_122702456_PA

Resumen de: CN122702456A

0001 本发明涉及一种木屑碳量子点修饰CdS/ZnO的三元复合光催化剂的制备方法,包括步骤:S1、将木屑粉分散于水中,进行一次水热反应,反应结束后,经冷却、固液分离和纯化,得到木屑碳量子点溶液;S2、将镉盐和硫源溶于水中,进行二次水热反应,反应结束后,经冷却、固液分离、洗涤和干燥,得到硫化镉粉末;S3、将硫化镉粉末分散于水中,然后加入木屑碳量子点溶液继续分散,再加入锌盐搅拌至溶解,在持续搅拌下,滴加氢氧化钠溶液,滴加完毕后继续搅拌反应,反应结束后,经固液分离、洗涤和干燥,即得。本发明以木屑碳量子点作为界面调控介质,通过先吸附木屑碳量子点于CdS表面、再原位生长ZnO的方式,使制得的催化剂具有优异的光催化产氢性能和循环稳定性。

一种碳纳米纤维基CoCuMn合金复合析氧电催化剂及其制备方法与应用

NºPublicación:  CN122707172A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
武汉科技大学
CN_122707172_PA

Resumen de: CN122707172A

0001 本发明公开了一种碳纳米纤维基CoCuMn合金复合析氧电催化剂及其制备方法与应用,属于电催化材料技术领域。所述电催化剂包括碳纳米纤维骨架、原位生长于所述碳纳米纤维骨架表面的碳纳米管,以及负载于或嵌入所述碳纳米纤维结构中的CoCuMn合金纳米颗粒;所述碳纳米纤维与碳纳米管相互连接形成层级导电网络。所述制备方法包括将聚丙烯腈与钴盐、铜盐和锰盐配制成纺丝液,经静电纺丝、预氧化和氨气/氩气混合气氛热处理,使碳纳米纤维骨架形成、金属组分还原合金化以及碳纳米管原位生长同步完成。所得复合电催化剂具有连续的电子传输通道、弥散分布的多元合金活性组分和良好的结构稳定性,可用于碱性电解水析氧反应。

带实时故障监测功能的碱性水制氢电解槽运维管理系统

NºPublicación:  CN122707197A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
宏泽(江苏)科技股份有限公司
CN_122707197_PA

Resumen de: CN122707197A

0001 本发明公开了带实时故障监测功能的碱性水制氢电解槽运维管理系统,涉及电解槽运维管理技术领域;包括启动准备模块、数据库、局部演化模块以及全局识别模块;启动准备模块在电解槽由停车状态进入正常运行状态前执行半离线分析以识别膜泄漏、极化异常及压差异常;数据库采集单元槽电压、氢氧压等运行数据;局部演化模块通过构建电压连续曲线和氢氧压差连续曲线,提取关键时段变化特征,形成电压波动指数和压差波动指数,实现单元槽异常演化识别;全局识别模块基于风险状态,并根据风险等级执行监测频率调整或停车保护措施识别;本发明能够实现碱性水制氢电解槽故障的早期识别、扩展预警及智能运维管理,提高电解槽运行安全。

电解槽电极催化层气体冲刷损伤检测方法及系统

NºPublicación:  CN122709267A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
海德氢能源科技(江苏)有限公司
CN_122709267_PA

Resumen de: CN122709267A

本申请公开了一种电解槽电极催化层气体冲刷损伤检测方法及系统,所述方法包括:通过能够模拟电解槽中电极的气体冲刷环境的试验装置生成气液两相气泡流,采用所述气液两相气泡流冲刷固定设置的待测电极的催化层表面;在冲刷过程的多个时间节点采集待测电极对应的电解液元素浓度数据、表面图像数据、电化学数据和质量数据的试验数据;根据所述试验数据确定电极催化层气体冲刷损伤的趋势变化数据。本申请的检测方法先通过试验装置生成气液两相气泡流,模拟真实电解槽中的气体冲刷环境,使待测电极的冲刷工况与实际应用场景匹配,保障检测数据的工况有效性。

水電解装置

NºPublicación:  JP2026142932A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
国立大学法人東京科学大学
JP_2026142932_A

Resumen de: JP2026142932A

【課題】触媒層と電極との間の輸送効率が向上し、電解効率に優れた水電解装置の提供を目的とする。【解決手段】イオン交換膜を用いた水電解装置であって、イオン交換膜の表面に触媒層を有し、前記触媒層への表面に多孔性給電体を配置し、前記多孔性給電体の表面に繊維状給電体を配置したことを特徴とする。【選択図】 図1

一种具有高效析氢催化性能的CoSi-Ni复合材料金属网及其制备方法

NºPublicación:  CN122707170A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
河北工业大学
CN_122707170_PA

Resumen de: CN122707170A

本发明为一种具有高效析氢催化性能的CoSi‑Ni复合材料金属网及其制备方法。该金属网包括Ni金属网衬底以及直接沉积于Ni金属网表面的CoSi薄膜层;所述Ni金属网同时构成三维集流骨架和CoSi薄膜的连续承载界面,制备方法中,采用磁控溅射,所述CoSi薄膜层由Co和Si共同沉积形成。本发明得到的复合电极在10 mA cm‑2下的最低过电位为75 mV,显示出良好的析氢活性和工程化电极适配性。

水电解装置用的电极板单元、具备该电极板单元的水电解单体及水电解堆栈

NºPublicación:  CN122707163A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
株式会社
CN_122707163_PA

Resumen de: CN122707163A

本发明提供一种组装性优异的水电解装置用的电极板单元、具备该电极板单元的水电解单体及水电解堆栈。在此公开的电极板单元(40A)具备在外缘部(42)具有贯通孔(42h)的电极板(40)、第一密封构件(30)及第二密封构件(50)。第一密封构件(30)具有环状的封闭部(31s)和设置于与电极板(40)的贯通孔(42h)相对的位置的突出部(31p)。第二密封构件(50)具有环状的封闭部(51s)以及设置于与电极板(40)的贯通孔(42h)以及第一密封构件(30)的突出部(31p)相对的位置的孔部(51r)。第一密封构件(30)的突出部(31p)插通于电极板(40)的贯通孔(42h),并嵌合于第二密封构件(50)的孔部(51r)。

一种远海风电制氢系统安全域生成与协同控制方法及系统

NºPublicación:  CN122717008A 08/09/2026
Solicitante: 
广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局
CN_122717008_PA

Resumen de: CN122717008A

0001 本发明涉及海上可再生能源与氢能综合利用技术领域,尤其涉及一种远海风电制氢系统安全域生成与协同控制方法及系统。该方法包括:基于时空数据采集体系构建统一状态向量;基于统一状态向量构建风浪功率设备耦合状态向量并生成动态安全运行边界,得到安全运行域;执行多时间尺度分层协同控制,得到压缩与缓冲储氢单元运行指令和外输模式指令;进行故障识别、重构约束更新与滚动校正控制,生成更新安全运行域与下一轮时空数据采集体系。本发明将平台姿态、风浪、设备状态与安全约束统一纳入安全运行域生成,实现多时间尺度控制的协同衔接,并将故障识别结果回灌至采集与控制链路,提升了系统的运行安全性与控制一致性。

一种碱性水电解槽多参数耦合智能安全控制系统

Nº publicación: CN122707193A 08/09/2026

Solicitante:

江苏双良氢能源科技有限公司

CN_122707193_PA

Resumen de: CN122707193A

0001 本发明公开了一种碱性水电解槽多参数耦合智能安全控制系统,控制系统包括(1)感知层:包括设置在碱性水电解槽上的多源传感检测模块;(2)数据库层:包括存储模块,其配置有历史工况库、故障案例库、最优参数库和权重配置库;(3)决策层:包括内置有权重决策模块、策略匹配模块和协同调控算法模块的控制器;(4)执行层:包括设置在碱性水电解槽上且分别连接控制器的多个控制单元;(5)反馈层:包括内置于控制器的参数校验模块和效果评估模块。本发明的五层级闭环架构采用多参数耦合权重风险评价、优先级多目标优化、动态密封补偿与自学习案例匹配,可系统性解决碱性水电解槽在安全、效率、能耗、密封寿命四个维度的核心矛盾。

traducir