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LastUpdate Última actualización 30/09/2025 [06:48:00]
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Solicitudes publicadas en los últimos 15 días / Applications published in the last 15 days
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FUEL CELL SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  WO2025198053A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
KYOCERA CORP [JP]
\u4EAC\u30BB\u30E9\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E

Resumen de: WO2025198053A1

This fuel cell system includes a plurality of power generation units and a control unit. The plurality of power generation units is electrically connected in series. The power generation units include a fuel cell. The fuel cell generates power using fuel gas and air. The fuel gas is supplied from a first supply system. Air is supplied from a second supply system. The control unit checks the state of at least one of the first supply system and the second supply system when the difference between the voltages in each of the plurality of power generation units exceeds a voltage threshold.

EVALUATING DEVICE AND EVALUATING METHOD

NºPublicación:  WO2025197980A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NAT INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE [JP]
\u56FD\u7ACB\u7814\u7A76\u958B\u767A\u6CD5\u4EBA\u7269\u8CEA\u30FB\u6750\u6599\u7814\u7A76\u6A5F\u69CB

Resumen de: WO2025197980A1

This evaluating device comprises: a first holder (41) which holds a first sample (61) of an electrode catalyst and in which a first supply hole (41g) for supplying a first gas to the first sample (61) is formed; a second holder (42) which holds an electrolyte membrane (55); a pressing unit (4) which presses the electrolyte membrane (55) against the first sample (61) with a force in a direction reducing a gap between the first holder (41) and the second holder (42); and a characteristic measuring unit (75) that measures an electrochemical characteristic of the first sample (61) or the electrolyte membrane (55) in a state in which the electrolyte membrane (55) is pressed against the first sample (61) and the first gas is supplied to the first sample (61).

MOLD AND COMPOSITE MEMBER FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE

NºPublicación:  WO2025197368A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
SUMITOMO RIKO COMPANY LTD [JP]
\u4F4F\u53CB\u7406\u5DE5\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E

Resumen de: WO2025197368A1

The present invention addresses the problem of providing: a mold which has high durability and is capable of suppressing burrs from a gasket; and a composite member for an electrochemical device. This mold (5) is provided with a first mold (5D) and a second mold (5U). A base material (2) is disposed in the first mold (5D). The second mold (5U) is disposed so as to face the first mold (5D) in the Y direction, and has a cut-off part (50) and a cavity recess part (51) that is disposed on the inner side of the cut-off part (50) in the X-direction and that partitions a cavity (5M) for molding a gasket (4). The cut-off part (50) has: a planar top surface (500) that protrudes toward the base material (2) side with respect to a parting line (PL) and extends in the X direction; a protruding inner side surface (501) that is disposed on the inner side of the top surface (500) in the X-direction; and a protruding outer side surface (502) that is disposed on the outer side of the top surface (500) in the X-direction. The width (W2) in the X-direction between the protruding inner side surface (501) and the protruding outer side surface (502) narrows in the direction from the parting line (PL) toward the top surface (500).

FUEL CELL

NºPublicación:  WO2025197371A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
HONDA MOTOR CO LTD [JP]
\u672C\u7530\u6280\u7814\u5DE5\u696D\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E

Resumen de: WO2025197371A1

The present invention is provided with: a membrane electrode assembly (C1) in which a pair of electrodes are disposed on both membrane surfaces of an electrolyte membrane; a separator (C2) made of a plate-shaped member; and a bipolar plate (BP) which is composed of a pair of separators (C2) overlapped and joined in the plate thickness direction and which is laminated in the plate thickness direction alternately with the membrane electrode assembly (C1). The bipolar plate (BP) is provided with a cell voltage measurement unit (20) having a connection terminal (21) on the periphery of each separator (C2), the connection terminal being connectable to an external connector. The cell voltage measurement unit (20) is provided with a reinforcement rib (23) at least at a peripheral portion thereof that is connected to the connection terminal (21), the reinforcement rib protruding in the plate thickness direction of the bipolar plate (BP).

CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION CONTROL APPARATUS AND FUEL BATTERY

NºPublicación:  WO2025197087A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
SUBARU CORP [JP]
\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E\uFF33\uFF35\uFF22\uFF21\uFF32\uFF35

Resumen de: WO2025197087A1

This current density distribution control apparatus for controlling the current density distribution of a fuel battery in which a plurality of fuel battery cells are stacked comprises a current control device disposed in each of a plurality of regions resulting from dividing a power generation region of the fuel battery, the current control apparatus having a current measurement unit that measures a current value in the region. The current density distribution control apparatus has an electronic load device that controls a current value of output current on the basis of the current value measured by the current measurement unit, and a heat transfer structure for guiding heat of the electronic load device to a cooling water flow path provided in a separator of the fuel battery cells.

INTERCONNECTOR, AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

NºPublicación:  WO2025196951A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
\u65E5\u672C\u788D\u5B50\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E
JP_7618109_B1

Resumen de: WO2025196951A1

This interconnector comprises a body, a first oxide layer, and a second oxide layer. The body has a first primary surface and a second primary surface. The second primary surface is the surface opposite the first primary surface. The first oxide layer is disposed on the first primary surface. The second oxide layer is disposed on the second primary surface. The second oxide layer has a thickness different from the first oxide layer.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

NºPublicación:  WO2025196946A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
\u65E5\u672C\u788D\u5B50\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E
JP_7659706_B1

Resumen de: WO2025196946A1

An electrolysis cell (1) is provided with a gas container (3) and a cell body part (2). An internal space (3a) of the gas container (3) has a gas supply chamber (a1) connected to a gas supply hole (15), a gas discharge chamber (a2) connected to a gas discharge hole (16), and a gas circulation chamber (a3) connected to communication holes (11) and disposed between the gas supply chamber (a1) and the gas discharge chamber (16). In a plan view of a first main surface (12) of a metal support (10), a welded part (30) includes a first constricted part (31) for partitioning between the gas circulation chamber (a3) and the gas supply chamber (a1).

INTERCONNECTOR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

NºPublicación:  WO2025196952A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
\u65E5\u672C\u788D\u5B50\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E
JP_7621564_B1

Resumen de: WO2025196952A1

This interconnector comprises a body part and a plurality of oxide layers. The body part has a first main surface, a second main surface, and a plurality of protrusions. The second main surface faces the opposite side from the first main surface. Each protrusion is formed on the first main surface. The oxide layers are disposed on side surfaces of the protrusions. At least one oxide layer has a thickness distribution which induces warpage such that the body part swells towards the second main surface side.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

NºPublicación:  WO2025196936A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
\u65E5\u672C\u788D\u5B50\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E
JP_7659705_B1

Resumen de: WO2025196936A1

An electrolytic cell (1) comprises: a metal support (10) having a plurality of communication holes (11) formed in a first main surface (12); and a cell body part (20). The cell body part (20) has a gas diffusion layer (5) disposed on the first main surface (12) of the metal support (10), and a hydrogen electrode layer (6) disposed on the gas diffusion layer (5). v The gas diffusion layer (5) has a through-hole (51) that is continuous with the communication hole (11). The through-hole (51) has a gap space (51a) that enters a gap between the first main surface (12) and the hydrogen electrode layer (6).

PHYSICAL QUANTITY MEASUREMENT SYSTEM, PHYSICAL QUANTITY MEASUREMENT METHOD, PROGRAM, AND INTEGRATION SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  WO2025197285A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MAN CO LTD [JP]
\u30D1\u30CA\u30BD\u30CB\u30C3\u30AF\uFF29\uFF30\u30DE\u30CD\u30B8\u30E1\u30F3\u30C8\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E

Resumen de: WO2025197285A1

The present disclosure addresses the problem of reducing error when estimating the pressure loss of a mixed gas inside a flow path. A physical quantity measurement system (1) comprises: a flow path, through which a mixed gas flows; and an estimation unit (206). The estimation unit (206) estimates the pressure loss inside the flow path. The estimation unit (206) estimates pressure loss using the Reynolds number, the flow velocity of the mixed gas, the viscosity of the mixed gas, the viscosity of a reference gas, and the pressure of the mixed gas.

POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND POWER DISTRIBUTION CONTROL METHOD FOR FUEL CELL AND SECONDARY BATTERY IN POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  WO2025197228A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
KK TOYOTA CHUO KENKYUSHO [JP]
DENSO CORP [JP]
TOYOTA JIDOSHA KK [JP]
\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E\u8C4A\u7530\u4E2D\u592E\u7814\u7A76\u6240,
\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E\u30C7\u30F3\u30BD\u30FC,
\u30C8\u30E8\u30BF\u81EA\u52D5\u8ECA\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E

Resumen de: WO2025197228A1

This power supply system is provided with a fuel cell (11) and a secondary battery (10) as power supply sources. The power supply system comprises: a power distribution control unit (A) (12) for distributing the output power of each of the batteries in order to supply required power P1 to an electric load; an impedance acquisition unit (B) (13) for acquiring an impedance R1 at a plurality of frequencies for the fuel cell (11); and an arithmetic unit (C) for extracting a material transport resistance R2 of the fuel cell (11) on the basis of the specific impedance R1, and performing a specific calculation based on the magnitude of the resistance R2 to obtain power P2 to be supplied by the fuel cell (11) and power P3 to be supplied by the secondary battery (10). The power distribution control unit (A) controls the output of each of the batteries on the basis of the calculation result of the arithmetic unit (C).

REDOX FLOW BATTERIES HAVING ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTORS WITH INTEGRATED CHANNELS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF

NºPublicación:  WO2025196356A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIG CIENTIFICAS CSIC [ES]
FUNDACION AGENCIA ARAGONESA PARA LA INVESTIG Y EL DESARROLLO ARAID [ES]
CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENT\u00CDFICAS (CSIC),
FUNDACI\u00D3N AGENCIA ARAGONESA PARA LA INVESTIGACI\u00D3N Y EL DESARROLLO (ARAID)

Resumen de: WO2025196356A1

The present invention discloses a battery formed by at least one cell or cell stack incorporating flow distributors (1) that house the electrodes (3), polymer membranes (5), bipolar plates (4) and current collector plates (7) that are embedded in a resin block (10) that ensures sealing tightness. The present invention further discloses a method for manufacturing said battery.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

NºPublicación:  WO2025196937A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
\u65E5\u672C\u788D\u5B50\u682A\u5F0F\u4F1A\u793E
JP_7657379_B1

Resumen de: WO2025196937A1

An electrolytic cell (1) is provided with: a metal support (10) having a plurality of communication holes (11) formed on a first main surface (12) thereof; and a cell body (20). The cell body (20) has a gas diffusion layer (5) disposed on the first main surface (12) of the metal support (10), and a hydrogen electrode layer (6) disposed on the gas diffusion layer (5). The gas diffusion layer (5) has a body section (5a) sandwiched in a gap between the metal support (10) and the hydrogen electrode layer (6), and a projecting part (5b) projecting from the body section (5a) into a communication hole (11). The projecting part (5b) covers part of the inner peripheral surface (14) of the communication hole (11).

BIOMASS-DERIVED GRADED POROUS ASYMMETRIC COORDINATION MONATOMIC CARBON-BASED ELECTROCATALYST, AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR AND USE THEREOF

NºPublicación:  WO2025194884A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
GUANGZHOU INST OF ENERGY CONVERSION CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [CN]
\u4E2D\u56FD\u79D1\u5B66\u9662\u5E7F\u5DDE\u80FD\u6E90\u7814\u7A76\u6240
CN_119601686_PA

Resumen de: WO2025194884A1

Disclosed in the present invention are a biomass-derived graded porous asymmetric coordination monatomic carbon-based electrocatalyst, and a preparation method therefor and the use thereof. The preparation method for the biomass-derived graded porous asymmetric coordination monatomic carbon-based electrocatalyst comprises the following steps: (1) stirring and mixing de-alkalized lignin with a transition metal salt, a nitrogen-containing compound and a template, i.e., magnesium oxide, in a solvent until uniform, so as to obtain a suspension, wherein the transition metal comprises iron and zinc; (2) heating, evaporating and drying off the suspension, so as to obtain a lignin/metal ion/nitrogen-containing compound/template mixed precursor; and (3) subjecting the mixed precursor to high-temperature pyrolysis under the protection of an inert gas, cooling same, and then sequentially washing and drying same, so as to obtain a monatomic carbon-based electrocatalyst. The monatomic carbon-based electrocatalyst provided in the present invention has graded pores of micropores, mesopores and macropores, a surface nanosheet and an asymmetric coordination structure of Fe-N3O at the same time, and can be applied to fuel cells and metal-air cells.

PREPARATION METHOD FOR 3/4-VALENT VANADIUM SULFATE-HYDROCHLORIC ACID ELECTROLYTE

NºPublicación:  WO2025195199A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
GUIZHOU ZHIXI TECH CO LTD [CN]
\u8D35\u5DDE\u5FD7\u559C\u79D1\u6280\u6709\u9650\u516C\u53F8
CN_118398922_PA

Resumen de: WO2025195199A1

The present invention provides a preparation method for a 3/4-valent vanadium sulfate-hydrochloric acid electrolyte, comprising the following steps: adding hydrochloric acid into a 4-valent vanadium sulfate electrolyte to prepare a 4-valent vanadium sulfate-hydrochloric acid electrolyte; preparing a (4+x)-valent vanadium sulfate electrolyte; using the (4+x)-valent vanadium sulfate electrolyte and the 4-valent vanadium sulfate-hydrochloric acid electrolyte respectively as positive and negative electrode electrolytes of an all-vanadium redox flow battery to perform charging electrolysis, to obtain a (4+y)-valent vanadium sulfate electrolyte and a 3-valent vanadium sulfate-hydrochloric acid electrolyte at positive and negative electrodes, respectively; and adding oxalic acid into the obtained (4+y)-valent vanadium sulfate electrolyte for reduction to re-obtain the (4+x)-valent vanadium sulfate electrolyte, wherein the re-obtained (4+x)-valent vanadium sulfate electrolyte can be further used to prepare the 3-valent vanadium sulfate-hydrochloric acid electrolyte. The preparation method for a 3/4-valent vanadium sulfate-hydrochloric acid electrolyte provided by the present invention features high efficiency and low costs, and the obtained 3/4-valent vanadium sulfate-hydrochloric acid electrolyte has a high concentration and a wide operating temperature range.

FUEL CELL MODULE, HIGH-VOLTAGE ASSEMBLY METHOD AND VEHICLE

NºPublicación:  WO2025194615A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
DONGFENG MOTOR GROUP CO LTD [CN]
\u4E1C\u98CE\u6C7D\u8F66\u96C6\u56E2\u80A1\u4EFD\u6709\u9650\u516C\u53F8
CN_118899497_PA

Resumen de: WO2025194615A1

A fuel cell module, a high-voltage assembly method and a vehicle. The fuel cell module comprises a case, a fuel cell stack, a high-voltage assembly and a low-voltage assembly. One side of the case is provided with an outer protruding portion; the high-voltage assembly comprises a copper bar assembly and a through terminal electrically connected to each other, the copper bar assembly is electrically connected to a current collector plate of the fuel cell stack and located in the outer protruding portion, and the through terminal is mounted on the outer protruding portion; and the low-voltage assembly is electrically connected to a stack core of the fuel cell stack, and the low-voltage assembly is located outside an inner cavity of the case and arranged side by side with the outer protruding portion. The outer protruding portion is provided to mount the high-voltage assembly, so that the high-voltage assembly can be mounted without using tooling; the space beside the outer protruding portion is used to mount the low-voltage assembly, so that the size of the fuel cell module is reduced, and the volume power density is increased; additionally, the outer protruding portion made of a metal material can effectively realize high-voltage and low-voltage electromagnetic shielding.

FUEL CELL SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  US2025300204A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
TOYOTA JIDOSHA KK [JP]
TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA

Resumen de: US2025300204A1

The fuel cell system may include a fuel cell, a hydrogen gas supply path for supplying hydrogen gas to an anode of the fuel cell, a pump for sending off-gas discharged from the anode of the fuel cell to the hydrogen gas supply path, a pressure sensor for measuring a pressure in the hydrogen gas supply path, and a control device. The control device may acquire the amplitude of the frequency component corresponding to the drive frequency of the pump from the time-series data of the measurement value by the pressure sensor, and determine that an abnormality has occurred in the pump when the acquired amplitude is lower than the threshold value.

Fuel Cell System and Control Method Thereof

NºPublicación:  US2025300203A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY [KR]
KIA CORP [KR]
Hyundai Motor Company,
Kia Corporation

Resumen de: US2025300203A1

The system may comprise a fuel cell stack, a hydrogen supply line configured to be coupled to an anode side of the fuel cell stack and supply hydrogen to the fuel cell stack, a hydrogen supply valve, associated with the hydrogen supply line, configured to adjust an amount of hydrogen supplied to the fuel cell stack, and a controller configured to determine, based on a pressure boost request to boost a hydrogen supply pressure, a front-end hydrogen pressure at a front end of the hydrogen supply valve, determine, based on the determined front-end hydrogen pressure, an opening command value of the hydrogen supply valve, and control, based on the determined opening command value, an opening degree of the hydrogen supply valve to boost the hydrogen supply pressure.

FUEL CELL SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  US2025300206A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
HONDA MOTOR CO LTD [JP]
Honda Motor Co., Ltd
CN_120674537_PA

Resumen de: US2025300206A1

Fuel cell system includes: fuel cell stack configured to generate power by anode/cathode gas in anode/cathode flow path: anode/cathode supply flow path supplying anode/cathode gas to anode/cathode flow path; anode/cathode discharge flow path discharging anode/cathode off-gas from anode/cathode flow path; combining portion combining anode/cathode off-gas flowing through anode/cathode discharge flow path; discharge pipe guiding combined gas combined in combining portion to outside; anode discharge valve configured to control flow of anode off-gas toward combining portion; and control unit configured to control opening and closing of anode discharge valve. Control unit: acquires hydrogen concentration of combined gas; and controls opening and closing of anode discharge valve to repeat opening/closing operation of opening for opening time based on hydrogen concentration and closing in case where power generation amount of fuel cell stack is equal to or less than power generation threshold.

FUEL GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM

NºPublicación:  US2025300198A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
TOYOTA JIDOSHA KK [JP]
TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA

Resumen de: US2025300198A1

The fuel gas supply system includes a fuel tank that stores fuel gas, a fuel gas supply pipe that connects the fuel tank and a gas supply destination to which the fuel gas is supplied, an upstream strainer that is provided in the fuel gas supply pipe, and a downstream strainer that is entirely mesh-shaped and is provided in a fuel gas supply pipe that is downstream of the upstream strainer. The upstream strainer has a pocket portion having a mesh portion defined by a plurality of first openings and a wall portion having a plurality of second openings that are larger in size than the first openings. When the upstream strainer is viewed along the axial direction of the upstream strainer, the plurality of first openings and the plurality of second openings do not overlap.

SEPARATOR AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SEPARATOR

NºPublicación:  US2025300192A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
TOYOTA JIDOSHA KK [JP]
NIPPON KINZOKU CO LTD [JP]
TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA,
NIPPON KINZOKU CO., LTD
CN_120709407_PA

Resumen de: US2025300192A1

A separator formed of stainless steel for a fuel cell includes a coolant contact surface that is configured to come into contact with a coolant and a gas contact surface that is configured to come into contact with gas. The coolant contact surface has a conductive passive film. The gas contact surface has a corrosion-resistant metal intermediate layer on a base material, and a conductive layer on the corrosion-resistant metal intermediate layer.

Method for Forming a Polar Plate of a Fuel Cell, and Associated Forming Plant

NºPublicación:  US2025300191A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
SYMBIO FRANCE [FR]
SYMBIO FRANCE
JP_2025519279_PA

Resumen de: US2025300191A1

The present method of forming a polar plate comprises:a stamping step:implemented by a stamping press, which includes a stamping tool mounted on a slider moved by vertical reciprocating movement; andduring which a network of channels for circulating fluids is stamped on the strip; anda downstream step subsequent to the stamping step and implemented by a downstream press;wherein:once the channel network is stamped on the strip, while the strip is held clamped in the stamping tool, a reference mark is formed on the strip by means of a marking tool carried by the slider; andduring the downstream step, the strip is positioned with respect to the downstream press by means of positioning members mounted on the downstream press and which cooperate with the reference mark.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

NºPublicación:  US2025297391A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
NGK INSULATORS, LTD
JP_7659706_B1

Resumen de: US2025297391A1

An electrochemical cell includes a gas container and a cell body portion. The gas container includes a metal support having a plurality of communication holes formed through a main surface thereof, a gas supply hole, and a gas discharge hole, a flow path member defining an internal space between the metal support and the flow path member, and a welded portion sealing a gap between the metal support and the flow path member. The internal space includes a gas supply chamber in communication with the gas supply hole, a gas discharge chamber in communication with the gas discharge hole, and a gas distribution chamber disposed between the gas supply chamber and the gas discharge chamber. When viewed in a plan view of the main surface, the welded portion includes a narrowing portion for dividing the gas distribution chamber from the gas supply chamber or the gas discharge chamber.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

NºPublicación:  US2025297383A1 25/09/2025
Solicitante: 
NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
NGK INSULATORS, LTD
JP_7657379_B1

Resumen de: US2025297383A1

An electrochemical cell includes a metal support having a plurality of connecting holes formed in a principal surface and a cell body disposed on the principal surface. The cell body has a gas diffusion layer disposed on the principal surface, a first electrode layer disposed on the gas diffusion layer, a second electrode layer and an electrolyte layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The gas diffusion layer has a body portion located in a gap between the metal support and the first electrode layer and a protruding portion protruding from the body portion to the connecting holes. The protruding portion covers a portion of an inner circumferential surface of the connecting hole.

INTER-CONNECTOR AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

Nº publicación: US2025297376A1 25/09/2025

Solicitante:

NGK INSULATORS LTD [JP]
NGK INSULATORS, LTD

JP_7618109_B1

Resumen de: US2025297376A1

The present inter-connector includes a body, a first oxide layer, and a second oxide layer. The body includes a first principal surface and a second principal surface. The second principal surface is opposite to the first principal surface. The first oxide layer is disposed on the first principal surface. The second oxide layer is disposed on the second principal surface. The second oxide layer is different in thickness from the first oxide layer.

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